The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) index of achievement press was derived from students’ reports on the frequency with which, in their : the teacher wants students to work hard; the teacher tells students that they can do better; the teacher does not like it when students deliver work; and, students have to learn a lot. A four-point scale with the response categories ‘never’, ‘some lessons’, ‘most lessons’ and ‘every lesson’ was used. The indices were derived using the WARM estimator with ‘never’ coded as 1 and all other response categories coded as 0.