The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) index of disciplinary climate summarises students’ reports on the frequency with which, in their : the teacher has to wait a long time for students to ; students cannot work well; students don’t listen to what the teacher says; students don’t start working for a long time after the lesson begins; there is noise and disorder; and, at the start of class, more than five minutes are spent doing nothing. A four-point scale with the response categories ‘never’, ‘some lessons’, ‘most lessons’ and ‘every lesson’ was used. This index was inverted so that low values indicate a poor disciplinary climate.