Measures the contribution of a member country's trade to the ESCWA region's total trade.

The arithmetic average of exports and imports of all countries in the world.

Terms of trade is the ratio of export and import prices

The temporary exportation [of goods] for outward processing is a "customs procedure under which goods which are in free circulation in a customs territory may be temporarily exported for manufacturing, processing or repair abroad and then reimported with total or partial exemption from import duties and taxes...'compensating products' means the products obtained abroad during or as a result of the manufacturing, processing or repair of the goods temporarily exported for outward processing". The compensating products may be "placed in a customs warehouse or a free zone before being declared for home use" (Kyoto Convention, annex E.8, definitions (a) and (d) and recommended practice 25).

"'Temporary admission' means the customs procedure under which certain goods can be brought into a customs territory conditionally relieved from payment of import duties and taxes; such goods must be imported for a specific purpose and must be intended for re-exportation within a specified period and without having undergone any change except normal depreciation due to the use made of the goods" (Kyoto Convention, annex E.5, definition (a)). The Convention on Temporary Admission, a which was agreed at Istanbul in June 1990, provides a detailed description of this procedure and identifies goods allowed for temporary admission.

Refers to the customs procedure under which certain goods can be brought into a customs territory conditionally relieved from payment of import duties and taxes; such goods must be intended for re-exportation within a specific period after having undergone manufacturing, processing or repair...'compensating products' means the products obtained during or as a result of the manufacturing, processing or repair of the goods temporarily admitted for inward processing...[they] need not be obtained solely from goods temporarily admitted for inward processing; it may be necessary to use goods of national origin or previously imported...Operations allowed under the temporary admission for inward processing procedure may be carried out in premises designated as warehouses for inward processing".. compensating products [may be exported to a] free port or free zone [placed]...in a customs warehouse with a view to subsequent exportation or other authorized disposal...or [declared] for home use. (Kyoto Convention, annex E.6, definitions (a) and (c); standard (2), note 5; and standards 34, 36 and 37).

Technical barriers to trade refer to technical regulations, minimum standards and certification systems for health, safety and environmental protection and to enhance the availability of information about products, which may result in the erection of technical barriers to trade (TBTs).

The tariff-rate quota resulted from the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture. Certain countries agreed to provide minimum import opportunities for products previously protected by non-tariff barriers.
This import system established a quota and a two-tier tariff regime for affected commodities. Imports within the quota enter at a lower (in-quota) tariff rate while a higher (out- of-quota) tariff rate is used for imports above the concessionary access level.

1. A process that converts non-tariff barriers into tariffs, which are considered to be more transparent than non-tariff barriers and are subject to negotiation downwards. It does not apply to primary agricultural products unless they are designated as subject to special conditions.; 2. At the Uruguay Round, all non-tariff barriers to trade in agriculture were converted into tariffs in a process known as “tariffication”. The resulting tariff amounts were set as ceilings above which tariffs could not henceforth be set. Rules were then created to push all members in the direction of ultimate elimination of agricultural tariffs. Industrialized countries were expected to lower tariffs on agricultural imports by an average of 36% between 1995 and 2000, and each tariff was to be reduced by at least 15%. Developing countries were mandated to reduce agricultural tariffs by an average of 24% between 1995-2004, with each tariff being reduced by at least 10%.; 3. Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access negotiations in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.