Statistical Terms Glossary

Interval between semiannual dates on which repayment on IBRD loans is due.

See sharing clause.

Payments by households to obtain certain licences are payments by persons or households for licences to own or use vehicles, boats or aircraft and for licences to hunt, shoot or fish; they are part of “miscellaneous current taxes” but it should be noted that some other licence fees are treated as purchases of services rendered by government.

Payments in kind are goods and services furnished to employees free of charge or at markedly reduced cost that are clearly and primarily of benefit to the employee as consumers. They comprise food, drink, fuel and other payments in kind; and cost, other than capital cost, of workers’ housing borne by employers (cost for employer owned dwellings, cost of dwellings not employer owned, other housing costs).

Payments in kind other than remuneration in kind occur when any of a wide variety of payments are made in the form of goods and services rather than money, excluding payments in kind to employees.

Payments of compensation consist of current transfers paid by institutional units to other institutional units in compensation for injury to persons or damage to property caused by the former, but excluding payments of non-life insurance claims.

They can be either compulsory payments awarded by courts of law, or ex gratia payments agreed out of court but they include only compensation for injuries or damages caused by other institutional units, or ex gratia payments made by government units or NPISHs in compensation for injuries or damages caused by natural disasters.

Date on which a due periodic payment, such as payment on a bond or a stock dividend, is made.

Difference between the face value of a bond and the net value received by the bondholder, after deducting commission.

Third party that owns and operates payphones connected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and located on another party's premises.

Payroll taxes consist of taxes payable by enterprises assessed either as a proportion of the wages and salaries paid or as a fixed amount per person employed

A switch ensures linking subscribers with each other within the same switch ( same area) or different switches( different areas).

PiPOP is a program initiated by PCA in order to address the "digital divide" in the Lebanese society. For this purpose, PCA is collaborating with several parties, civil public, and/or international organizations to generate PiPOP centers in various parts of the country. By launching this project PCA had introduced the world of information technology to communities who do not have access for this facility, for income reason.

See Polychlorinated biphenyls

The word “peace” evokes complex, sometimes contradictory, interpretations and reactions. For some, peace means the absence of conflict. For others it means the end of violence or the formal cessation of hostilities; for still others, the return to resolving conflict by political means. Some define peace as the attainment of justice and social stability; for others it is economic well-being and basic freedom. Peacemaking can be a dynamic process of ending conflict through negotiation or mediation. Peace is often unstable, as sources of conflict are seldom completely resolved or eliminated. Since conflict is inherent in the human condition, the striving for peace is particularly strong in times of violent conflict. That said, a willingness to accommodate perpetrators of violence without resolving the sources of conflict—sometimes called “peace at any price”—may lead to greater conflict later.

Originally conceived in the context of post-conflict recovery efforts to promote reconciliation and reconstruction, the term peacebuilding has more recently taken on a broader meaning. It may include providing humanitarian relief, protecting human rights, ensuring security, establishing nonviolent modes of resolving conflicts, fostering reconciliation, providing trauma healing services, repatriating refugees and resettling internally displaced persons, supporting broad-based education, and aiding in economic reconstruction. As such, it also includes conflict prevention in the sense of preventing the recurrence of violence, as well as conflict management and post-conflict recovery. In a larger sense, peacebuilding involves a transformation toward more manageable, peaceful relationships and governance structures—the long-term process of addressing root causes and effects, reconciling differences, normalizing relations, and building institutions that can manage conflict without resorting to violence.

Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.

Series of steps or phases in a negotiation or mediation that are necessary in order to eventually reach a peace agreement and sometimes to implement one. These steps are not necessarily sequential or linear. They may include confidence-building measures, risk-reduction strategies, good offices, fact-finding or observer missions, conciliation and mediation efforts, and deployment of international forces.

Traditionally, action undertaken to preserve peace where fighting has been halted and to assist in implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers. Typically authorized by the UN Security Council under Chapter 6 or 7 of the UN Charter, these operations usually include lightly armed military personnel and have the consent of the parties. The scope of peacekeeping activities has gradually broadened since the end of the Cold War to include civilian and humanitarian activities such as food distribution, electoral assistance, refugee return and reintegration, civilian protection and prevention of gender-based violence, restoration of transportation and other basic services, and establishing safe havens. In recent years, peacekeepers have been placed in areas where fighting is continuing, and their role is more to position themselves between hostile parties, a situation in which there is often a mismatch between their mandate and their capability.

Action undertaken to preserve peace, however fragile, where fighting has been halted and to assist in implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers.

Combustible soft, porous or compressed, fossil sedimentary deposit of plant origin with high water content (up to 90 per cent in the raw state), easily cut, of light to dark brown colour.

A fuel comprising of small blocks of dried, highly compressed peat made without a binding agent.